Segundo Matos et al. (2013), a política creditícia no Brasil tem sido discriminatória e fortemente caracterizada por um viés regional. Este artigo aborda este tema, visando identificar os determinantes da concessão de crédito nos estados brasileiros. Metodologicamente, o exercício empírico segue Matos (2017) ao se basear fazer uso de um painel na estimação das relações entre o crédito real per capita obtido pelas famílias e um conjunto de variáveis sociais, econômicas e financeiras. Considerando todas as unidades da federação ao longo do período de 2004 a 2013, os resultados obtidos sugerem que os determinantes pelo lado da demanda sejam mais influentes que os determinantes pelo lado da oferta. Essa evidência empírica pode ser útil no desenho de novos arcabouços teóricos sobre crédito no país.

According to Matos et al. (2013) credit policy in Brazil has been discriminatory and strongly characterized by a regional bias. We address this issue by aiming to identify Brazilian cross-state credit drivers. Methodologically we follow Matos (2017) by proposing a panel model to estimate relationships between real per capita Brazilian household credit and a set of relevant social, economic and financial variables. Our main findings considering all federal subnational entities during the period from 2004 to 2013 suggest that demand for credit plays a more relevant role than the supply thereof. Our evidence may be useful in writing theoretical models dealing with credit patterns in Brazil.

Overview and aims: Intrauterine blood transfusion (IBT) is an established technique for the treatment of severe fetal anemia, increasing the survival of these fetuses. We aimed to describe the experience of a single center in pregnancies complicated with severe fetal anemia, that underwent IBT. Study design, Population, Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 1996 to June 2014. Data were collected from 98 IBT performed in 44 pregnancies. Data included: anemia etiology, gestacional age at IBT, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, presence of hydrops, number of IBTs, gestacional age at birth, sex and weight. Neonatal data included: number of exchange transfusions, respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and other complications. Results: The main cause of fetal anemia was anti-D alloimmunization in 79.5% of the cases and the mean gestational age (GA) of the first IBT was 26 weeks. The minimum pre-transfusion hemoglobin was 1.5 g/dL, with an average of 6.4g/dL. The post transfusion hematocrit increased to the desired values in 90% of cases. Nine fetuses (20.5%) had hydrops at diagnosis. We had 4 cases of fetal death, and 40 pregnancies resulted in live births, with mean gestational age of 34.3 weeks, average weight of 2446g and mean hemoglobin of 11g/dL. A cesarean was performed in most cases. The overall survival was 86.4%, since in addition to the four fetal deaths there were two cases of early neonatal death. Fetal hydrops and early GA seemed to be associated with a poorer prognosis. Conclusions: IBT is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of severe fetal anemia. Vigilance should be done in hospitals with experience to allow timely and proper treatment of this condition.